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2’MOE and Affinity Plus modified bases are often included in ASOs, in addition to phosphorothioate bonds. 2’MOE modified bases help to increase nuclease resistance and binding affinity and decrease toxicity of the ASO. Affinity Plus bases are locked nucleic acid bases that also help to increase binding affinity and nuclease resistance but can be toxic.
2’MOE bases are often incorporated into ASOs in a 5-10-5 gapmer format, with five 2’MOE bases, ten DNA bases, and five 2’MOE bases. Affinity Plus bases are typically used in shorter ASOs in a 3-10-3 gapmer format (three Affinity Plus bases, ten DNA bases, three Affinity Plus bases). The shorter length of Affinity Plus ASOs is beneficial when delivering the ASO in vivo without a delivery tool.